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	<title>Komunitas Geofisika Unhas</title>
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		<title>Komunitas Geofisika Unhas</title>
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		<title>Extended Elastic Impedance (Penerapan Praktis)</title>
		<link>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2010/08/05/extended-elastic-impedance-penerapan-praktis/</link>
		<comments>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2010/08/05/extended-elastic-impedance-penerapan-praktis/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Aug 2010 03:44:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>geofisikaunhas</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Advance Seismic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[eei]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ei]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[seismik inversi]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/?p=102</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[by : ISH 1. Selayang Pandang Metode yang pertamakali digunakan untuk inversi pada non-zero offset adalah Elastic Impedance (EI) yang diperkenalkan oleh Connolly,1999. Metode ini hanya bekerja pada sudut yang tidak lebih besar dari 30 derajat. Oleh Whitcombe, 2002 menemukan bahwa dengan melebarkan sudut pada persamaan Shuey menjadi -90o sampai dengan 90o maka kita bisa <a href="http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2010/08/05/extended-elastic-impedance-penerapan-praktis/" class="excerpt-more-link">[&#8230;]</a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3567558&amp;post=102&amp;subd=geofisikaunhas&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>by : ISH</p>
<p><strong>1. </strong><strong>Selayang Pandang</strong></p>
<p>Metode yang pertamakali digunakan untuk inversi pada non-zero offset adalah Elastic Impedance (EI) yang diperkenalkan oleh Connolly,1999. Metode ini hanya bekerja pada sudut yang tidak lebih besar dari 30 derajat.</p>
<p>Oleh Whitcombe, 2002 menemukan bahwa dengan melebarkan sudut pada persamaan Shuey menjadi -90<sup>o</sup> sampai dengan 90<sup>o</sup> maka kita bisa mendapatkan informasi physical property dari batuan. Secara matematis ini bisa didapatkan dengan mengganti sin<sup>2</sup>(q) dengan c  pada persamaan two term Shuey:</p>
<p>(Artikel lengkap beserta gambar dan persamaan dapat didownload <a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/81atAztr/ExtendedElasticImpedance_Aplik.html" target="_blank"><strong>di sini</strong></a>)</p>
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		<title>Pseudo 3D Processing</title>
		<link>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2010/08/05/pseudo-3d-processing/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Aug 2010 03:40:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>geofisikaunhas</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Seismic Processing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pseudo 3d]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pseudo 3d seismic processing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[seismic processing]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[By : Andi Mannappiang Pseudo 3D is a term used in the survey industry for 2D seismic lines shot at 25 to 50m spacing to obtain a much denser grid than the usual site survey grid of 100m intervals. However, in the past few years, the OgeoSeis seismic processing team has developed the CUBE Method <a href="http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2010/08/05/pseudo-3d-processing/" class="excerpt-more-link">[&#8230;]</a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3567558&amp;post=100&amp;subd=geofisikaunhas&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By : Andi Mannappiang</p>
<p>Pseudo 3D is a term used in the survey industry for 2D seismic lines shot at 25 to 50m spacing to obtain a much denser grid than the usual site survey grid of 100m intervals. However, in the past few years, the OgeoSeis seismic processing team has developed the CUBE Method that can innovatively convert 2D seismic lines shot with 50 to 500m spacings into 3D volumes.</p>
<p>A set of several 2D lines covering a site can be converted into a single 3D volume based on dip constraint trace or time slice lateral interpolation. The volumes can be built from stacked data or migrated sections. 3D cubes built from stacks are processed as 3D data with one pass 3D migration and other processing steps. While, cubes from migrated sections are converted and integrated into a 3D cube with their initial processing parameters. Among the benefits of 2D to 3D conversion are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Seismic 3D cube with 2D high resolution</li>
<li>Natural 3D cube with time slice presentation</li>
<li>Greater data density from 2D data</li>
<li>Clear and detailed lateral geological continuity</li>
<li>Reliable and accurate direct geohazards indicators</li>
<li>True 3D migration from stacked 2D data</li>
<li>Multiple added value to 2D survey data cost</li>
<li>Integrate Pseudo 3D cubes with existing 3D volumes</li>
<li>Enhance existing 3D volumes  resolution (especially    shallow intervals)</li>
</ul>
<p><span id="more-100"></span> The resulting 3D volumes can be used for advance processing such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>Instantaneous amplitude analyses</li>
<li>Instantaneous frequency analyses</li>
<li>Seismic inversion</li>
<li>Variance cube</li>
<li>Continuous Wavelet Transform</li>
</ul>
<p>(Tulisan lengkap beserta gambar dapat didownload <a href="http://www.4shared.com/document/5KhBFZVY/Psudo_3D_Processing_leaflet.html" target="_blank">di sini</a>)</p>
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		<title>Modeling Fluid Contacts in 2D Volume</title>
		<link>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2009/02/12/modeling-fluid-contacts-in-2d-volume/</link>
		<comments>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2009/02/12/modeling-fluid-contacts-in-2d-volume/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2009 05:28:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>geofisikaunhas</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Advance Seismic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Modeling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[seismic]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/?p=65</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By : Irfan Saputra (HRS Jakarta)<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3567558&amp;post=65&amp;subd=geofisikaunhas&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:left;">By : Irfan Saputra (HRS Jakarta)</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Survey Seismik</title>
		<link>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/10/24/survey-seismik/</link>
		<comments>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/10/24/survey-seismik/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Oct 2008 03:13:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>geofisikaunhas</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Seismic Acquisition]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[geophysics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[survey seismik]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/?p=45</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[By : Ulla (Seismologist, PT. Daqing Citra Technology Services) Pelaksanaan survey seismik melibatkan beberapa departemen yang bekerja secara dan saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya. Departemen-departemen yang terlibat antara lain: Topografi, Seismologist, Processing, Field Quality Control (QC) dan departemen pendukung lainya. Dept. Topografi bertugas untuk memplotkan koordinat teoretik hasil desain. Dept Seismologist bertugas mulai dari <a href="http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/10/24/survey-seismik/" class="excerpt-more-link">[&#8230;]</a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3567558&amp;post=45&amp;subd=geofisikaunhas&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By : Ulla (<em>Seismologist</em>, PT. Daqing Citra Technology Services)</p>
<p>Pelaksanaan survey seismik melibatkan beberapa departemen yang bekerja secara  dan saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya. Departemen-departemen yang terlibat antara lain: Topografi, Seismologist, Processing, Field Quality Control (QC) dan departemen pendukung lainya. Dept. Topografi bertugas untuk memplotkan koordinat teoretik hasil desain. Dept Seismologist bertugas mulai dari pembentangan kabel, penempatan Shot point (proses drilling dan preloading) dan selanjutnya dilakukan penembakan dan recording yang teknis pelaksanaanya dikerjakan di LABO. Data hasil recording diolah oleh departemen processing untuk mendapatkan output data akhir pelaksanaan survey. Untuk mengontrol serta meningkatkan kualitas dalam kegiatan akuisisi data seismik maka dilakukan juga Field QC.</p>
<p>Berikut gambaran umum pekerjaan survey seismik.</p>
<p><strong>TOPOGRAFI</strong></p>
<p>Dalam survey seismik posisi koordintat SP (<em>shot point</em>) dan TR (<em>trace</em>) sangat penting sekali diperhatikan, karena hal ini menyangkut dengan kualitas data yang akan dihasilkan. Departemen Topografi melakukan pengeplotan /pematokan koordinat-koordinat SP dan TR  teoritik yang telah didesain. Dalam membuat desain survei seismik terdapat beberapa parameter lapangan yang harus diperhatikan :<br />
1.	Trace  interval	:  Jarak antara tiap trace<br />
2.	Shot point interval:  jarak antara satu SP dengan SP yang lainnya<br />
3.	Far Offset:  Jarak antara sumber seismik dengan trace terjauh terjauh<br />
4.	Near Offset:  Jarak antara sumber seismik dengan trace terdekat<br />
5.	Jumlah shot point: Banyaknya SP yang digunakan dalam satu lintasan<br />
6.	Jumlah Trace: Banyaknya trace yang digunakan dalam satu SP<br />
7.	Record length lamanya merekam gelombang seismik<br />
8.	fold coverage: Jumlah atau seringnya suatu titik di subsurfece terekam oleh geophone di permukaan</p>
<p>Program kerja yang dilakukan oleh departemen Topografi antara lain:</p>
<p><strong>Survey Lokasi</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Posisi Lokasi Survey</li>
<li>Kondisi Daerah Survey</li>
<li>Akses kelokasi survey</li>
<li>Perencanaan Pekerjaan</li>
<li>Pembuatan peta kerja</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Pengukuran Titik Kontrol</strong></p>
<p>Langkah pertama dalam pembuatan titik kontrol adalah mendistribusikan pilar-pilar GPS pada seluruh area. Kemudian BM GPS ini dipasang pada area survai sesuai dengan distribusi dimana pilar tersebut dipasang.<br />
Titik BM yang telah diketahui digunakan untuk menentukan koordinat-koordinat lain yang belum diketahui, misalnya koordinat shoot point atau koordinat receiver.Pada dasarnya pengukuran GPS selalu diikatkan dengan titik dari Bakosurtanal yang bertujuan untuk mengikatkan titik koordinat secara global sehingga titik koordinat tersebut dapat dikorelasikan dengan titik koordinat peta yang lain.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/2-bench-mark.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-59 aligncenter" title="2-bench-mark" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/2-bench-mark.jpg?w=500" alt="2-bench-mark"   /></a></p>
<p><span id="more-45"></span></p>
<p><strong>Pengukuran Lintasan Seismik</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><em>Pengukuran Lintasan Seismik &amp; Pemasangan patok SP dan TR</em><br />
Pengukuran lintasan seismik yang meliputi pengukuran titik tembak (SP) dan titik rekam (TR) dilakukan dengan menggunakan peralatan total station.</li>
<li><em>Pembuatan Titian dan Rintisan</em><br />
Titian dibuat untuk mempermudah dan memperlancar kerja ketika survey menemukan lokasi yang tidak bisa dilewati sepeti:  irigasi, parit, sungai atau rawa Sehingga mengefektifkan waktu dan kerja crew baik drilling maupun recording.</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img class="size-full wp-image-58 aligncenter" title="3-pengukuran-lintasan" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/3-pengukuran-lintasan.jpg?w=500" alt="3-pengukuran-lintasan"   /><br />
Pengukuran Lintasan</p>
<p><strong>DRILLING DAN PRELOADING</strong></p>
<p>Pemboran dangkal pada survey Seismik   bertujuan untuk membuat tempat penanaman dinamit sebagai sumber energi (source) pada perekaman. Kedalaman lubang bor biasanya 30 m dengan diameternya sekitar 11 cm. Penentuan kedalaman lubang bor ini berdasarkan test percobaan yang dilakukan sebelumnya. Kedalaman ini terletak di bawah lapisan lapuk (<em>weathering zone</em>).</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/100_1507.jpg"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/6-drilling2.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-57" title="6-drilling2" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/6-drilling2.jpg?w=500" alt="6-drilling2"   /></a> </a><br />
Drilling</p>
<p><strong>PRELOADING</strong></p>
<p>Pada survey seismik digunakan sumber energi dinamit untuk di darat, dan airgun digunakan khusus untuk daerah survey di dalam air. Dinamit yang digunakan bermerk <em>Power Gel</em> ini  terbungkus dalam tabung plastik dan dapat disambung-sambung sesuai dengan berat yang diinginkan untuk ditanam. Di dalam tabung ini dinamit diisi dengan detenator atau ‘<em>cap</em>’ sebagai sumber ledakan pertama, serta dipasang pula <em>anchor</em> agar dinamit tertancap kuat di dalam tanah.</p>
<p>Pemasangan dinamit (<em>preloading</em>) dilakukan langsung setelah pemboran selesai, dengan tujuan untuk menghindari efek pendangkalan dan runtuhan di dalam lubang. Pengisian dinamit dilakukan oleh regu loader  yang dipimpin oleh seorang <em>shooter</em> yang telah mempunyai pengetahuan keamanan yang berhubungan dengan bahan peledak dan telah memiliki lisensi tertulis dari MIGAS.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/100_1873.jpg"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/8-peloading2.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-60" title="8-peloading2" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/8-peloading2.jpg?w=500" alt="8-peloading2"   /></a> </a><br />
Preloading</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/9-explosive-loading.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-61" title="9-explosive-loading" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/9-explosive-loading.jpg?w=500" alt="9-explosive-loading"   /></a></p>
<p><strong>RECORDING</strong></p>
<p>Perekaman merupakan pekerjaan akhir dari akuisisi data seismik, yaitu merekam data seismik ke dalam pita magnetik (<em>tape</em>) yang nantinya akan diproses oleh pusat pengolahan data (<em>processing centre</em>). Sebelum melakukan perekaman kabel dibentangkan sesuai dengan posisi dan lintasannya berdasarkan desain survey 2D. Pada saat perekaman, yang memegang kendali adalah <em>observer</em> dengan memakai perlengkapan alat recording yang disebut LABO.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/100_1830.jpg"><br />
</a><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/10-alat-tecording.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-62" title="10-alat-tecording" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/10-alat-tecording.jpg?w=500" alt="10-alat-tecording"   /></a></p>
<p><strong>Persiapan Peralatan</strong></p>
<p>Peralatan yang digunakan dalam proses recording antara lain:<br />
1.	Kabel Trace: Kabel penghubung antar trace.<br />
2.	Geophone: Penerima getaran dari gelombang sumber yang berupa sinyal analog.<br />
3.	SU (Stasiun Unit): Pengubah sinyal analog dari trace ke dalam digital yang akan ditransfer ke LABO.<br />
4.	PSU (Power Stasiun Unit): Berfungsi memberikan energi pada SU 70 A / 16 Volt.</p>
<p><strong>Penembakan (Shooting)</strong></p>
<p>Saat peledakan dan perekaman tidak semua data terekam sempurna, kadang-kadang dinamit tidak meledak, Up Hole tidak terekam dengan baik, banyak noise, dsb. Kejadian ini disebut misfire, beberapa istilah <em>misfire</em> yang sering digunakan di lapangan:</p>
<ul>
<li>Cap Only	: dinamit tidak meledak, detenator meledak</li>
<li>Dead Cap	: hubungan pendek, dinamit tidak meledak</li>
<li>Loss wire	: kabel deto tidak ditemukan</li>
<li>Weak Shot	: tembakan lemah, frekuensi rendah</li>
<li>Line Cut	: kabel terputus saat shooting</li>
<li>Parity Error	: instrumen problem</li>
<li>No CTB	: no confirmation time break</li>
<li>Loss Hole	: lubang dinamit tidak ditemukan</li>
<li>Reverse Polaritty 	: polaritas terbalik</li>
<li>Bad/No Up Hole 	: UpHole jelek atau tidak ada (pada monitor record                              atau blaster)</li>
<li>Dead Trace	: trace mati</li>
<li>Noise Trace	: terdapat noise pada trace</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>FIELD PROCESSING</strong></p>
<p><em>Field processing</em> adalah proses yang dilakukan di lapangan sebelum dilakukan proses selanjutnya di pusat. Perhatian utama di <em>field processing</em> adalah pada geometri penembakan dimana jika ada penembakan terdapat <em>wrong ID</em>, <em>wrong coordinate</em>, <em>wrong spread</em> dsb, dapat diketahui dan segera dikonfirmasikan ke Field Seismologist dan TOPO untuk  dilakukan perbaikan. Proses pengolahan data seismik di lapangan biasanya hanya dilakukan sampai pada tahapan <em>final stack</em> tergantung dari permintaan <em>client</em>.  Langkah-langkah yang umum dilakukan dalam  memproses data seismic di lapangan              adalah sebagai berikut:</p>
<p><strong>Loading Tape</strong></p>
<p><strong></strong>Data sesimik dalam teknologi masa ini selalu disimpan dalam pita magnetik dalam format tertentu. Pita magnetik yang memuat data lapangan ini disebut field tape. SEG (Society of Ekploration Geophysics) telah menetukan suatu standar format penulisan data pada pita magnetic.</p>
<p><strong>Geometri Up Date</strong></p>
<p>Adalah proses pendefinisian identitas setiap trace yang berhubungan dengan shotpoint, koordinat X,Y,Z di permukaan, kumpulan CDP, offset terhadap shot-point, dan sebagainya.</p>
<p><strong>Trace Editing</strong></p>
<p>Proses editing dan mute bertujuan untuk merubah atau memperbaiki trace atau record dari hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan yang diperoleh dari perekaman data di lapangan.</p>
<p>Editing dapat dilakukan pada sebagian trace yang jelek akibat dari adanya noise, terutama koheren noise, misfire, atau trace yang mati, polariti yang terbalik. Pelaksanaan pengeditan dapat dilakukan dengan 2 cara yaitu, pertama membuat trace-trace yang tidak diinginkan tersebut menjadi berharga nol (EDIT) dan atau membuang / memotong bagian-bagian trace pada zona yang harus didefinisikan (MUTE).</p>
<p>Hal-hal yang perlu diedit dari suatu data dapat diperoleh dari catatan pengamatan di lapangan (observer report) maupun dengan pengamatan dari display raw recordnya.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/test1.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-53" title="test1" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/test1.jpg?w=500" alt=""   /><br />
</a>Raw Data</p>
<p><strong>Koreksi Statik</strong></p>
<p>Tujuan koreksi statik ini adalah untuk memperoleh arrival time bila penembakan dilakukan dengan titik tembak dan group geophone yang terletak pada bidang horizontal dan tanpa adanya lapisan lapuk. Koreksi ini dilakukan untuk menghilangkan pengaruh dari variasi topografi, tebal lapisan lapuk  dan variasi kecepatan pada lapisan lapuk. Suatu reflector yang datar (<em>flat</em>) akan terganggu oleh adanya kondisi static yang disebabkan adanya efek permukaan (<em>near surface efects</em>).</p>
<p>Secara garis besar koreksi static ini dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian koreksi :<br />
-	Koreksi Lapisan Lapuk (<em>weathering layer</em>)<br />
-	Koreksi Ketinggian</p>
<p><strong>Amplitudo Recovery (Proses Pemulihan Amplitudo)</strong></p>
<p>Proses ini bertujuan memulihkan kembali nilai amplitudo yang berkurang yang hilang akibat perambatan gelombang seismic dari sumber sampai kepenerima (geophone), sedemikian rupa sehingga pada setiap trace dikalikan dengan besaran tertentu, sehingga nilai amplitudo relatif stabil dare time break hingga kedalaman target. Pengurangan intensitas gelombang seismic ini disebabkan karena hal-hal sebagai berikut:<br />
-	Peredaman karena melewati batuan yang kurang elastik sehingga mengabsorbsi energi gelombang.<br />
-	Adanya penyebaran energi kesegala arah (<em>spherical spreading</em> atau <em>spherical divergence</em>).</p>
<p><strong>Deconvolution</strong></p>
<p>Energi getaran yang dikirim kedalam bumi mengalami proses konvolusi (<em>filtering</em>) bumi bersikap sebagai filter terhadap energi seismik tersebut. Akibat efek filter bumi, maka bentuk energi seismik (<em>wavelet</em>) yang tadinya tajam dan tinggi amplitudonya di dalam kawasan waktu (time domain). Kalau ditinjau dalam kawasan frekuensi, tampak bahwa spektrum amplitudonya menjadi lebih sempit karena amplitudonya frekuensi tinggi diredam oleh bumi dan spektrum fasenya berubah tidak rata. Dekonvolusi adalah suatu proses untuk kompensasi efek filter bumi, berarti di dalam kawasan waktu bentuk wavelet dipertajam kembali, atau di dalam kawasan frekuensi spektrum amplitudonya diratakan dan spektrum fase dinolkan atau diminimumkan.</p>
<p><strong>Analisa Kecepatan</strong></p>
<p>Analisa kecepatan (<em>velocity analysis</em>) adalah metode yang dipakai untuk mendapatkan stacking velocity dari data seismik yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan Interactive Velocity Analisis diperoleh dari kecepatan NMO dengan asumsi bahwa kurva NMO adalah hiperbolik. Analisa kecepatan ini sangat penting, karena dengan analisa kecepatan ini akan diperoleh nilai kecepatan yang cukup akurat untuk menetukan kedalaman, ketebalan, kemiringan dari suatu reflektor. Analisis kecepatan ini dilakukan dalam CDP gather, harga kontur semblance analisis sebagai fungsi dari kecepatan NMO dan CDP gather stack dengan kecepatan NMO yang akan diperoleh pada waktu analisa kecepatan. Didalam CDP gather titik reflektor pada offset yang berbeda akan berupa garis lurus (setelah koreksi NMO).</p>
<p><strong>Residual static</strong></p>
<p>Kesalahan perkiraan penentuan kecepatan dan kedalaman pada weathering layer saat melakukan koreksi statik dan adanya sisa <em>deviasi static</em> pada data seismik serta  <em>Data Uphole</em> dan <em>First break</em> yang sangat buruk juga dapat mempengaruhi kelurusan reflektor pada CDP gather sehingga saat stacking akan menghasilkan data yang buruk. Pada prinsipnya perhitungan residual static didasarkan pada korelasi data seismik yang telah terkoreksi NMO dengan suatu model. Dimana model ini diperoleh melalui suatu <em>Picking Autostatic Horizon</em> yang mendefinisikan besar pergeseran <em>time shift</em> yang dinyatakan sebagai statik sisa yang akan diproses.</p>
<p><strong>Stacking</strong></p>
<p>Proses <em>stacking</em> adalah menjumlahkan seluruh komponen dalam suatu CDP gather, seluruh trace dengan koordinat midpoint yang sama dijumlahkan menjadi satu trace. Setelah semua trace dikoreksi statik dan dinamik, maka di dalam format CDP gather setiap refleksi menjadi horizontal dan noise-noisenya tidak horizontal, seperti ground roll dan multiple. Hal tersebut dikarenakan koreksi dinamik hanya untuk reflektor-reflektornya saja. Dengan demikian apabila trace-trace refleksi yang datar tersebut disuperposisikan (distack) dalam setiap CDP-nya, maka diperoleh sinyal refleksi yang akan saling memperkuat dan noise akan saling meredam sehingga S/N ratio naik. Kecepatan yang dipakai dalam proses stacking ini adalah stacking velocity. <em>Stacking velocity</em> adalah kecepatan yang diukur oleh hiperbola NMO.</p>
<p><strong>Migrasi</strong></p>
<p>Migrasi dilakukan setelah proses stacking, migrasi merupakan tahap akhir dalam metode <em>Post Stack Time Migration</em> yang bertujuan untuk memindahkan event-event data pada section seismic ke posisi yang sebenarnya. Dengan kata lain migrasi diperlukan karena rumusan pemantulan pemantulan pada CMP yang diturunkan berasumsi pada model lapisan datar, apabila lapisannya miring maka letak titik-titik CMP / reflektornya akan bergeser. Untuk mengembalikan titik-titik reflektor tersebut keposisi yang sebenarnya dilakukan proses migrasi.</p>
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		<title>Seismic Interpretation (Intro)</title>
		<link>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/10/21/seismic-interpretation-intro/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Oct 2008 04:13:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>geofisikaunhas</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Seismic Interpretation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[geophysics]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[By : Ikus Seismic interpretation, whether for hydrocarbon exploration or geotechnical studies, is the determination of the geological significance of seismic data. It is rare that the correctness (or incorrectness) of an interpretation can be ascertained, because the actual geology is rarely known in enough detail. Instead, the test of a good interpretation is consistency <a href="http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/10/21/seismic-interpretation-intro/" class="excerpt-more-link">[&#8230;]</a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3567558&amp;post=38&amp;subd=geofisikaunhas&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By : Ikus</p>
<ul>
<li>Seismic interpretation, whether for hydrocarbon exploration or geotechnical studies, is the determination of the <strong>geological significance of seismic data</strong>.</li>
<li>It is rare that the correctness (or incorrectness) of an interpretation can be ascertained, because the actual geology is rarely known in enough detail. Instead, the test of a good interpretation is <strong>consistency with all of the available data</strong>.</li>
<li>In oil dan gas exploration, emphasis is placed on finding an interpretation that is most favourable for hydrocarbon accumulation.</li>
<li>As with many scientific investigations, interpretation are almost <strong>always non-unique</strong>.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Basic</strong></p>
<p><strong>Seismic Wave</strong></p>
<p>Seismic wave is the convolution of earth’s reflectivity with a seismic wavelet and additional of noise component.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">St = Wt * Rt + nt</p>
<p>The reflection of seismic wave is caused by the acoustic impedance (AI) change. AI is rock parameter affected by the type of lithology, porosity, fluid content, depth, pressure, and temperatur.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/007b.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-39" title="007b" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/007b.jpg?w=500" alt=""   /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;">Illustration of the construction of seismic trace and<br />
seismic section</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><span id="more-38"></span></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Polarity and Phase</strong></p>
<p>SEG standard for casual seismic data specifies that the onset of compression from an explosive source is represented by a negative number, that is, by a downward deflection when displayed graphically.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/008b.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-40" title="008b" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/008b.jpg?w=500" alt=""   /><br />
</a>SEG standart polarity (Sheriff, 2001)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Basic Seismic Interpretation Procedure</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Loading seismic, well data, and additional information</li>
<li>Resolve misties between lines</li>
<li>Well to seismic ties (checkshot, VSP, synthetic)</li>
<li>Horizon picking throughout the available seismic data</li>
<li>Create time structure map, convertion to depth map, isochron map, etc.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Common Pitfalls of Seismic Interpretation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Pull-up and pull-down caused by velocity distortions.</li>
<li>Multiple reverberations.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Reference</strong></p>
<p>- Sigit Sukmono, 2008. Fundamentals of Seismic Interpretation. Course Material.<br />
- http://www.gp.uwo.ca</p>
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		<title>Seismik Stratigrafi (Intro)</title>
		<link>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/07/24/seismik-stratigrafi-intro/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2008 08:20:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>geofisikaunhas</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Seismic Interpretation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[seismik]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[stratigrafi]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[By : Ikus Studi seismik stratigrafi dimulai dengan analisis penampang seismik untuk menguraikan kerangka stratigrafinya berdasarkan batas ketidakselarasan sekuen atau analisis sekuen seismik. Hal ini bisa dilakukan dengan mengenali dan mengelompokkan ketidakmenerusan dalam pola refleksinya. Dikenal dua jenis batas yaitu batas atas dan bawah yang dikenal dengan batas sekuen seismic (sequence seismic boundary). Jika paket <a href="http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/07/24/seismik-stratigrafi-intro/" class="excerpt-more-link">[&#8230;]</a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3567558&amp;post=26&amp;subd=geofisikaunhas&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By : Ikus</p>
<p>Studi seismik stratigrafi dimulai dengan analisis penampang seismik untuk menguraikan kerangka stratigrafinya berdasarkan batas ketidakselarasan sekuen atau analisis sekuen seismik. Hal ini bisa dilakukan dengan mengenali dan mengelompokkan ketidakmenerusan dalam pola refleksinya. Dikenal dua jenis batas yaitu batas atas dan bawah yang dikenal dengan batas sekuen seismic (sequence seismic boundary).</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/fig10a.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-27 aligncenter" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/fig10a.jpg?w=500" alt="" /></a></p>
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<p>Jika paket refleksinya sudah ditetapkan, maka analisis konfigurasi internal paket refleksi dapat dilakukan berdasarkan geometri, kemenerusan, amplitudo, frekuensi, dll atau analisis fasies seismic. Analisis ini dapat digunakan untuk interpretasi sejarah geologi, gross litologi, dan lingkungan pengendapan.</p>
<p><span id="more-26"></span></p>
<p>Analisis fasies seismik menghasilkan peta &#8220;ABC&#8221;, dimana A (top) dan B (bottom) merupakan hasil analisis batas sekuen, sedangkan C adalah pola internal refleksinya. Top (A) bisa berupa erosional truncation (Te), toplap (Tp), dan concordance (C). Bottom (B) bisa berupa downlap (Dn), onlap (On), dan concordance (C). Interior (C) bisa berupa parallel (P), subparallel (Sp), divergen (D), chaotic (C), reflection free (RF), dll.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/internal-facies1.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-31" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/internal-facies1.jpg?w=500" alt=""   /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/internal-facies21.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-32" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/internal-facies21.jpg?w=500" alt=""   /></a></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/internal-facies3.jpg"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-33" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/internal-facies3.jpg?w=500" alt=""   /></a></p>
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<p>Referensi:<br />
Sigit Sukmono, 2008. Fundamental of seismic interpretation, FTTM ITB Course Notes.</p>
<p>http://ensiklopediseismik.blogspot.com/2008/06/analisis-fasies-seismik-seismic-facies.html</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
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		<title>Palinspatic Map</title>
		<link>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/palinspatic-map/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Jul 2008 03:55:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>geofisikaunhas</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Seismic Interpretation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[geophysics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[seismik]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[By : Frank Sinartio Palinspastic map adalah map yang menunjukkan keadaan geology pada suatu saat di masa lalu, surface dan subsurface. Misalnya pada suatu saat (misal awal Pliostocene) bagaimana keadaan struktural dan stratigraphy dari permukaan bumi, juga bagimana keadaan struktural daan stratigraphy dari SB (sequence boundary) atau sandstone dst yang terendapkan pada jaman oligocene (yang <a href="http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/palinspatic-map/" class="excerpt-more-link">[&#8230;]</a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3567558&amp;post=24&amp;subd=geofisikaunhas&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By : Frank Sinartio</p>
<p>Palinspastic map adalah map yang menunjukkan keadaan geology pada suatu saat di masa lalu,  surface dan subsurface. Misalnya pada suatu saat (misal awal Pliostocene) bagaimana keadaan struktural dan stratigraphy dari permukaan bumi,  juga bagimana keadaan struktural daan stratigraphy dari SB (sequence boundary) atau sandstone dst yang terendapkan pada jaman oligocene (yang lebih tua jadi ada di subsurface).</p>
<p>Secara geometry, horizon-horizon dibalikan ke keadaannya seperti sebelum terjadi fault.  Demikian juga folding  di luruskan lagi. Secara 2D sering dilakukan &#8220;<em>flattening</em>&#8220;, tetapi metode ini kelemahannya pada kondisi dimana terjadi strike slip fault atau reverse fault atau gabungan keduanya sering tidak bisa di restore kembali. Atau ada erosi pada &#8220;horizons&#8221; atau permukaan yang mau dipakai sebagai reference untuk flattening.</p>
<p>Secara 3D dilakukan dengan mengurangkan grid yang akan dipakai sebagai reference dengan grid yang mau dilihat keadaaannya pada saat waktu itu (contoh diatas: &#8220;grid oligocene&#8221;  &#8211; &#8220;grid pliostocene&#8221;) kelemahannya sama dengan cara 2D diatas.</p>
<p>Dua hal lagi yang harus diperhatikan dalam 2D dan 3D &#8220;<em>mathematical method</em>&#8221; seperti yang saya paparkan diatas. yaitu <strong>(1)</strong> sering horizons yang kita mau jadikan reference itu tdk flat waktu di endapkan, dan sangat susah mendapatkan berapa derajat kemiringan nya waktu di endapkan. Walaupun hal ini bisa dibantu dengan cara mem-balance-kan secara kinematik (lihat apakah gambar geometry-nya stabil) komponen-komponen (endapan) sekitar permukaan/horizon ini.  <strong>(2)</strong> Di area dimana ada fault displacement yang besar, untuk normal fault, daerah tdk ada data (karena top horizon-nya tidak ada atau &#8220;<em>faulted out</em>&#8220;),  jadi waktu dikurangkan maka daerah yang tidak ada datanya akan bertambah besar. Untuk reverse fault harus selalu memakai permukaan yang sama, apakah dua-duanya pakai footwall-nya atau dua-duanyanya pakai hanging wall-nya.</p>
<p><span id="more-24"></span></p>
<p>Untuk strike slip, pengurangan ini tdk cocok karena permukaan yang satu sudah tergeser secara lateral terhadap kedudukan permukaan yang lainnya. Cara yang paling baik adalah seperti cara yang dipakai oleh software &#8220;<em>3D move</em>&#8221; (ini yang paling mendekati, tetapi belum tepat).  Fault block-nya di pindahkan balik secara keseluruhan dan folding-nya diluruskan. Hal yang paling senisitif dari hal ini adalah depth conversionnya.  Kalau dikerjakan dalam time domain maka mungkin memindahkannya lebih gampang tetapi kalau mau dipindahkan ke depth domain akan susah.</p>
<p>Sebaliknya kalau sudah dalam depth domain, mungkin ada distorsi waktu depth conversion jadi  agak susah waktu memindahkan fault blocknya,  karena tidak akan &#8220;<em>balance</em>&#8220;. Balance maksudnya, balance secara volumetric.</p>
<p>Sekian dulu mudah-mudahan bermanfaat.</p>
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		<title>Metode Geolistrik</title>
		<link>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/07/10/metode-geolistrik/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Jul 2008 04:05:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>geofisikaunhas</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Geolistrik]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[geophysics]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[By : Eff.Amin Metode geolistrik atau biasa disebut juga Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) atau Electrical Resistivity Imaging merupakan salah satu metode geofisika. Metode ini pertama kali diketemukan dan dikembangkan oleh Conrad Schlumberger dan Frank Wenner. Pada awalnya metode ini hanya merupakan 1D, namun seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi maka metode ini berkembang menjadi 2D dan 3D <a href="http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/07/10/metode-geolistrik/" class="excerpt-more-link">[&#8230;]</a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3567558&amp;post=20&amp;subd=geofisikaunhas&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By : Eff.Amin</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/rathcro.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-21 aligncenter" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/rathcro.jpg?w=500" alt=""   /></a></p>
<p>Metode geolistrik atau biasa disebut juga Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) atau Electrical Resistivity Imaging merupakan salah satu metode geofisika. Metode ini pertama kali diketemukan dan dikembangkan oleh Conrad Schlumberger dan Frank Wenner.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/3d.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-22 aligncenter" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/3d.jpg?w=500" alt=""   /></a></p>
<p>Pada awalnya metode ini hanya merupakan 1D, namun seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi maka metode ini berkembang menjadi 2D dan 3D yang menggunakan multi elektroda sehingga hasilnyapun sudah lebih menampakan sebaran batuan bawah permukaan dan juga dapat menghitung volume.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/cross-section.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-23 aligncenter" src="http://geofisikaunhas.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/cross-section.jpg?w=500" alt=""   /></a></p>
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		<title>Prospect Generation and Maturation</title>
		<link>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/07/09/prospect-generation-and-maturation/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Jul 2008 03:52:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>geofisikaunhas</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Seismic Interpretation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[geophysics]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[By : Frank Sinartio Introduction The purpose of this short summary is to give a guideline for prospect generation &#38; maturation, starting from well data, seismic interpretation, structural and stratigraphic mapping, reservoir mapping, and fluid distribution mapping. The emphases is on seismic and well data, but seismic processing &#38; acquisition, petrophysics and rock physics are <a href="http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/07/09/prospect-generation-and-maturation/" class="excerpt-more-link">[&#8230;]</a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3567558&amp;post=18&amp;subd=geofisikaunhas&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By : Frank Sinartio</p>
<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p>
<p><strong></strong>The purpose of this short summary is to give a guideline for prospect generation &amp; maturation, starting from well data, seismic interpretation, structural and stratigraphic mapping,  reservoir mapping, and fluid distribution mapping.</p>
<p>The emphases is on seismic and well data, but seismic processing &amp; acquisition, petrophysics and rock physics are not included, neither is basin modeling.</p>
<p>Work flow and time table can be generated using this list.  The example of time table included here is divided in the percentage of the time, not the amount of time.  The main reason of this is that different case may have different challenges and different time frame.</p>
<p>Lists of other special processes/analyses, and interpretations are listed but not discussed. This is not an exhaustive lists, so the lists should always be revised.</p>
<p>This summary is only a guide line and not a complete check list. The summary should be revised from time to time to accommodate new technologies or processes that have not been included here. This summary can be easier to understand, if pictures of examples are included. This effort is being done.</p>
<p>Usage of journal book of observations is highly encouraged to take note of problems, interesting observations and alternative interpretations.</p>
<p>Last but not least, in the last section there is a suggestion of method to do seismic interpretation fast with good quality and a suggestion to make the seismic interpretation easier. It is named : “the fast five and the easy sixth”.</p>
<p><strong>Summary of processes</strong></p>
<p><strong>1.	Data Preparation and QC</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Check  survey location of seismic</li>
<li>Check locations of wells</li>
<li>Check volume type of the seismic</li>
<li>Check polarity of the seismic</li>
<li>Check seismic ties between surveys</li>
<li>Check  quality and completeness of well curves</li>
<li>Scan seismic for disturbance like multiple, pull up effect, push down effect,  fault shadows etc.</li>
<li>Scan the seismic for DHI: bright spot, flat spot, phase reversal</li>
</ul>
<p><span id="more-18"></span></p>
<p><strong>2.	Journal</strong></p>
<p><strong></strong>Write a journal complete with time about:</p>
<ul>
<li>Daily activities</li>
<li>Misties (solved and unsolved)</li>
<li>Unfinish/unsure correlation across faults</li>
<li>Interesting observation: DHI, noise, recognized pattern, and any un-identified feature/pattern.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>3.	Well to Seismic Tie</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Sonic log and density examination/preparation</li>
<li>Checkshot correction</li>
<li>Wavelet Extraction</li>
<li>Synthetic seismogram</li>
<li>Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>4.	Well to Well Correlation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Well only<br />
1.	Structural cross section<br />
2.	Stratigraphic cross section</li>
<li>Well and seismic<br />
1.	Seismic with wells posted (seiswork)<br />
2.	Wells with seismic backdrop (stratwork)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>5.	Fault Interpretation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Cross section view<br />
1.	Use dip direction of the faults<br />
2.	Avoid strike direction of fault if possible<br />
3.	Interpret the fault on one direction only unless there is a fault that has strike direction parallel or semi parallel to the cross section view<br />
4.	Check for consistency of the fault intersection on strike line<br />
5.	Check for consistency and interpret fault if necessary on time-slice.<br />
6.	Observe and recognize: growth faults, strike slip faults, and re-activated faults.<br />
7.	Use edge detection cubes (such as coherency cube) to help visibility of fault cut.<br />
8.	Use phase response to help visibility of fault cut.<br />
9.	Computer automatic picking of fault cut/plane</li>
<li>Time slice view<br />
1.	Q.C. fault interpretation consistency<br />
2.	Assign name to the faults<br />
3.	Pick fault in several time slices to control the fault picks in cross section view<br />
4.	Use edge detection cube (such as coherency cube) to help visibility of fault cut<br />
5.	Use phase response to help visibility of fault cut.</li>
<li> Three dimension view<br />
1.	To show and Q.C. fault cuts and fault plane</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>6.	Horizons Interpretation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Cross section view<br />
1.	First interpret horizons that is widely spread out geologically (SB &amp; MFS), then interpret other horizons<br />
2.	Choose one or two of the most prominent SB or MFS as hooked horizons.<br />
3.	First use manual pick and snap it.<br />
4.	Loop tie interpretation<br />
5.	Reflectors in the strike lines(cross lines) will be likely more continuous than in the dip lines<br />
6.	Start with sparse interpretation (in 3D), then increase the density<br />
7.	Crossing fault interpretation:<br />
•	cut &amp; move correlation,<br />
•	fault restoration,<br />
•	horizon flattening<br />
•	thickness consistency check<br />
•	Thinning and widening check<br />
•	Recognize the growth fault, strike slip faults, and re-activated faults<br />
8.	Tidy up interpretation near the fault<br />
9.	Filter the data with high cut filter to enhance visibility of lower frequency data, like Basement or deeper  horizons<br />
10.	Recognize structural  closure, DHI,<br />
11.	Computer automatic picking</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Time slice view<br />
1.	To Q.C. horizons interpretation consistency</li>
<li>Three dimension view (Volume interpretation)<br />
1.	Usage of more than one cube at the same time.<br />
2.	Colors &amp; opacity<br />
3.	Blending of colors<br />
4.	Computer automatic picking<br />
5.	Volume sculpturing<br />
6.	Geobody extraction<br />
7.	Three dimensional view of  horizons, faults and geobodies<br />
8.	Volume calculation</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>7.	Fault Polygon Generation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Post fault heaves</li>
<li>Identify and interpret the main fault</li>
<li>Honor the heaves data</li>
<li>Put sign, up, down and lateral movement accordingly</li>
<li>Observe and identify faults trends</li>
<li>Observe and identify faults truncation.  They might be truncated on a fault that was not seen in the seismic interpretation.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>8.	Structural Mapping</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Fault polygon completed</li>
<li>Contouring</li>
<li>Label, bold and hachure on the contour</li>
<li>Up and down of contours on either side of the faults</li>
<li>Contouring hanging wall and foot wall of  reverse fault if needed.</li>
<li>Colour filled contour</li>
<li>Identify structural closure if any</li>
<li>Structural attributes of maps (dip &amp; azimuth)</li>
<li>Isochron maps</li>
<li>Palinspastic maps</li>
<li>Migration pathway maps</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>9. Stratigraphical and Sedimentological Mapping</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Seismic attributes<br />
1.	Instantenous attributes<br />
2.	Horizons slice and window attributes<br />
3.	Statistical attributes<br />
4.	Hybrid attributes (stratimagic: pattern recognition and classification, etc)<br />
5.	Normalization using RMS<br />
6.	Image processing: second derivative, edge detection enhancement.<br />
7.	Multi attribute analysis<br />
8.	Seismic geomorphology</li>
<li>Spectral balancing (amplitude and frequency)</li>
<li>Spectral decomposition</li>
<li>Acoustic impedance inversion</li>
<li>Depositional map from posted well curve</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>10.	Depth Conversion</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Type of depth/velocity modeling</li>
<li>Velocity modeling</li>
<li>Depth conversion</li>
<li>Tie the map to well data</li>
<li>Revising map after drilling</li>
<li>Map migration</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>11.	  Reservoir Characterization</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Acoustic impedance inversion</li>
<li>AVO Inversion  (gradient, intercept, curvature, P-impedance, S-impedance, Vp/Vs, Poisson ratio, Lambda-Rho, Mu-Rho, density)</li>
<li>AVO crossplot</li>
<li>Geobody Extraction</li>
<li>Overpressure detection</li>
<li>Direct hydracarbon indicator (DHI)</li>
<li>Sweetness Volume</li>
<li>Reservoir outline (2D &amp; 3D)</li>
<li>Reservoir properties (porosity, density &amp; permeability)</li>
<li>Fluid distribution outline (2D and 3D)</li>
<li>Fluid properties (composition, viscocity, density, pressure)</li>
<li>Volume calculation</li>
<li>Time lapse monitoring (4D monitoring)</li>
<li>Static Reservoir Modeling</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>12.	Seismic Modeling</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Forward Modeling<br />
1.	1D modeling:<br />
•	Synthetic seismogram,<br />
•	fluid substitution,<br />
• well log reconstructions<br />
2.	2D modeling:<br />
•	Seismic gathers<br />
•	Angle stack<br />
•	Full stack: un-migrated, migrated</li>
<li>Inverse Modeling<br />
1.	Acoustic Impedance inversion<br />
2.	AVO inversion</li>
<li>Matching: matching of inverse modeling and forward modeling, can be done in several stages</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>13. Volume Calculation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Area vs. thickness plot</li>
<li>Deterministic calculation (analytical calculation)</li>
<li>Monte Carlo Simulation</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>14.	 Risk Analysis</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Reservoir</li>
<li>Trap</li>
<li>Seal</li>
<li>Source</li>
<li>Migration path way</li>
<li>Timing of migration</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>15.	Pressure Prediction</strong></p>
<p><strong>16.	Structural Restoration</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Cross section balancing</li>
<li>2D seismic restoration</li>
<li>3D seismic restoration</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>17.	Others supporting process/interpretation</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Well site geology: cutting, well log, pressure and fluid test, sidewall core, core, VSP</li>
<li>Seismic Field Acquisition</li>
<li>Seismic processing</li>
<li>Reservoir static modeling</li>
<li>Petrophysics</li>
<li>Rock Physics</li>
<li>Basin modeling</li>
<li>Outcrop studies</li>
<li>Exploration geochemistry</li>
<li>Multi component seismic</li>
<li>Cross well tomography</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The fast five and the easy sixth</strong></p>
<p><strong></strong>1.	Interpret geologically continuous regional markers such as MFS and SB.<br />
2.	Choose the prominent horizons to be the hooked horizons<br />
3.	Interpret on a big scale<br />
4.	Zoom in and snap the horizons, tidy up the horizons<br />
5.	Use journal to record the activities and interesting finding</p>
<p>6.	Use relative AI  for SB interpretation, local flooding surface or MFS on small basins</p>
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		<title>HRS for LabGeo Unhas</title>
		<link>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/07/02/hrs-for-labgeo-unhas/</link>
		<comments>http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/07/02/hrs-for-labgeo-unhas/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 02 Jul 2008 09:05:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>geofisikaunhas</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Info Kampus]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Informasi terbaru, Geofisika Unhas baru saja membeli software HRS dengan academic license dari CGGVeritas. Lisensi yang dibeli meliputi Strata, AVO, dan ELog. Strata untuk Inversi 2D dan 3D baik untuk pre-stack maupun post-stack (AI, EI, EEI, LMR, Sim-Inv), AVO untuk modeling dan analisis AVO dari prestack data untuk prediksi lithologi dan fluid content, dan Elog adalah <a href="http://geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com/2008/07/02/hrs-for-labgeo-unhas/" class="excerpt-more-link">[&#8230;]</a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=geofisikaunhas.wordpress.com&amp;blog=3567558&amp;post=15&amp;subd=geofisikaunhas&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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<p>Informasi terbaru, Geofisika Unhas baru saja membeli software HRS dengan academic license dari CGGVeritas. Lisensi yang dibeli meliputi Strata, AVO, dan ELog. Strata untuk Inversi 2D dan 3D baik untuk pre-stack maupun post-stack (AI, EI, EEI, LMR, Sim-Inv), AVO untuk modeling dan analisis AVO dari prestack data untuk prediksi lithologi dan fluid content, dan Elog adalah tools analisis untuk log editing, checkshot correction, synthetic generation, log transformation.</p>
<p>Kita semua berharap pembelian ini bisa mendorong dosen dan mahasiswa dalam melaksanakan studi dan riset yang bisa meningkatkan softskill yang dimiliki.</p>
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